Submit a publication for posting on this section of the SALT web site

2018

Guo, L., Eisenberg S., Bernstein Ratner, N., & MacWhinney, B. (2018). Is Putting SUGAR (Sampling Utterances of Grammatical Analysis Revised) Into Language Sample Analysis a Good Thing? A Response to Pavelko and Owens (2017). Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, doi:10.1044/2018_LSHSS-17-0084.   link to abstract

2017

Danahy Ebert, K. & Pham, G. (2017). Synthesizing Information From Language Samples and Standardized Tests in School-Age Bilingual Assessment. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, Vol. 48, 42-55.   link to abstract

Gusewski S. & Rojas, R. (2017). Tense Marking in the English Narrative Retells of Dual Language Preschoolers. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 48, 183-196.   link to abstract

Kapantzoglou, M., Fergadiotis, G., & Restrepo, A. (2017). Language Sample Analysis and Elicitation Technique Effects in Bilingual Children With and Without Language Impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, Vol. 60, 2852-2864.   link to abstract

Soto, G., & Clarke, M.T. (2017). Effects of a Conversation-Based Intervention on the Linguistic Skills of Children With Motor Speech Disorders Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, Vol. 60, 1980-1998.   link to abstract

Westerveld, M. F., Paynter, J., Trembath, D., Webster, A. A., Hodge, A. M., & Roberts, J. (2017). The emergent literacy skills of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(2), 424-438.   link to abstract

Westerveld, M., & Roberts, M. A. (2017). The Oral Narrative Comprehension and Production Abilities of Verbal Preschoolers on the Autism Spectrum.Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, Vol. 48, 260-272.   link to abstract

2016

Alt, M., Arizmendi, G., & DiLallo, J.N. (2016). The Role of Socioeconomic Status in the Narrative Story Retells of School-Aged English Language Learners. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, Vol. 47, 313-323.   link to abstract

Heilmann, J. J., Rojas, R., Iglesias, A., & Miller, J. F. (2016). Clinical impact of wordless picture storybooks on bilingual narrative language production: A comparison of the "Frog" stories. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 51:3, 339-345.   link to abstract

Lundine, J. & McCauley, R. (2016). A Tutorial on Expository Discourse: Structure, Development, and Disorders in Children and Adolescents. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 25, 306-320.   link to abstract

Miller, J., Andriacchi, K., & Nockerts, A. (2016). Using Language Sample Analysis to Assess Spoken Language Productions in Adolescents. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 47, 99-112.   link to abstract

Pavelko, S., Owens, R., Irelend, M., & Hahs-Vaughn, D., (2016). Use of Language Sample Analysis by School-Based SLPs: Results of a Nationwide Survey. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 47, 246-258. doi:10.1044/2016_LSHSS-15-0044  link to abstract

Rojas, R., Iglesias, A., Bunta, F., Goldstein, B., Goldenberg, C., & Reese, L.. (2016). Interlocutor differential effects on the expressive language skills of Spanish-speaking English learners. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18:2, 166-177.   link to abstract

Salaldi-Harussi, G. & Soto, G. (2016). Using SALT: Considerations for the Analysis of Language Transcripts of Children Who Use SGDs. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, Volume 1 (SIG 12),110-124.   link to abstract

2015

Eisenberg, S. & Guo, L. (2015). Sample Size for Measuring Grammaticality in Preschool Children From Picture-Elicited Language Samples. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 46, 81-93.   link to abstract

Guo, L. & Eisenberg, S. (2015). Sample Length Affects the Reliability of Language Sample Measures in 3-Year-Olds: Evidence From Parent-Elicited Conversational Samples. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 46, 141-153.   link to abstract

Peredo, T. N., Owen, M. T., Rojas, R., & Caughy, M. O. (2015). Child Vocabulary, Maternal Behavior, and Inhibitory Control Development Among Spanish-Speaking Children. Early Education and Development, 26:5-6, 749-769.   link to abstract

Westerveld, M. F., & Vidler, K. (2015). The use of the Renfrew Bus Story with 5- to 8-year-old Australian children. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(3), 304-313.    link to abstract

2014

Danahy Ebert, K. & Scott, C. (2014). Relationships Between Narrative Language Samples and Norm-Referenced Test Scores in Language Assessments of School-Age Children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 45, 337-350.   link to abstract

Heilmann, J. & Malone, T. (2014). The Rules of the Game: Properties of a Database of Expository Language Samples. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 45, 277-290.   link to abstract   The LSHSS Editor’s Award for 2014

Kover, S., Davidson, M. Sindberg, H., and Ellis Weismer, S. (2014). Use of the ADOS for Assessing Spontaneous Expressive Language in Young Children with ASD: A Comparison of Sampling Contexts. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57, 2221-2233.   link to abstract

2013

Berry-Kravis, E., Doll, E., Sterling, A., Kover, S., Schroeder, S., Mathur, S., Abbeduto, L. (May 2013). Development of an Expressive Language Sampling Procedure in Fragile X Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Journal of Development & Behavioral Pediatrics, 34(4), 245-251.   link to article

Eisenberg, S. & Guo, L. (2013). Differentiating Children With and Without Language Impairment Based on Grammaticality. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 44, 20-31.   link to abstract

Heilmann, J., DeBrock, L., Riley-Tillman, T.C. (2013). Stability of measures from children’s interviews: The effects of time, sample length, and topic. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(3), 463-475.   link to abstract

Heilmann, J. & Westerveld, M. (2013). Bilingual language sample analysis: Considerations and technological advances. Journal of Clinical Practice in Speech-Language Pathology, 15(2), 87-93.  link to abstract

Miller, J., Andriacchi, K., & Nockerts, A. (2013). SLPs turn to language sample analysis software to document progress on the Common Core State Standards. Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists. Online publication, July 1, 2013.   link to article

Rojas, R. and Iglesias, A. (2013). The Language Growth of Spanish-Speaking English Language Learners. Child Development, 84(2), 630–646.   link to abstract

Westerveld, M., & Moran, C. (2013). Spoken expository discourse of children and adolescents: Retelling versus generation. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 27(09), 720-734.    link to abstract

2012

Chase, K. & Johnston J.R. (in press). Testing local: small-scale language sample databases for ESL Assessment. Journal of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology.

Dunaway, C. (2012). Think and Speak Successfully: Six Strategies to Improve Critical Thinking and Academic Language (A Guide for Secondary Students). San Diego, California. Print. link to web site

Eisenberg, S., Guo, L., & Germezi, M. (2012). How grammatical are three-year-olds? Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 43(1), 36-52.   link to abstract

Gutiérrez-Clellen V., Simon-Cereijido, G., & Sweet, M. (February 2012). Predictors of Second Language Acquisition in Latino Children With Specific Language Impairment. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 21, 64-77.   link to abstract

Kover, S. T., McDuffie, A., Abbeduto, L., & Brown, W. T. (2012). Effects of sampling context on spontaneous expressive language in males with fragile X syndrome or Down syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(4), 1022-1038.  link to abstract

Westerveld, M. & Heilmann, J. (2012). The effects of geographic location and picture support on children’s story retelling performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing, 15(2), 129-143.   link to abstract

2011

Acarlar, F.& Johnston, J.R. (2011). Acquisition of Turkish grammatical morphology by children with developmental disorders. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 46(6), 728-738.   link to abstract

Dollaghan, C. & Horner, E. (August 2011). Bilingual Language Assessment: A Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54, 1077-1088.   link to abstract

Miller, J., Andriacchi, K., & Nockerts, A. (Eds.). (2011). Assessing Language Production Using SALT Software: A Clinician’s Guide to Language Sample Analysis. Middleton, WI: SALT Software LLC.   link to description

Peña, E. D. & Bedore, L. M. (2011, November 01). It Takes Two: Improving Assessment Accuracy in Bilingual Children. The ASHA Leader.   link to article

Westerveld, M. & Moran, C. (2011). Expository Language Skills of Young School-Age Children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 42, 182-193.   link to abstract

2010

Bedore, L., Peña, E., Gillam, R., & Ho, Tsung-Han. (2010). Language Sample Measures and Language Ability in Spanish English Bilingual Kindergarteners. Journal of Communication Disorders, 43(6), 498-510.   link to abstract

Costanza-Smith, A. (2010). The Clinical Utility of Language Samples. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 17(1), 9-15.   link to abstract

DeThorne, L. S., Petrill, S., Schatschneider, C., & Cutting, L. (2010). Conversational Language Use as a Predictor of Early Reading Development: Language History as a Moderating Variable. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 53, 209-223.   link to abstract

Fabiano-Smith, L. & Goldstein, B. (2010). Phonological Acquisition in Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking Children. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 53, 160-178.   link to abstract

Heilmann, J. (2010). Myths and Realities of Language Sample Analysis. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 17(1), 4-8.   link to abstract

Heilmann, J., Miller, J., & Nockerts, A. (2010). Sensitivity of narrative organization measures using narrative retells produced by young school-age children. Language Testing, 27(4), 603-626.   link to abstract

Heilmann, J., Miller, J., & Nockerts, A. (2010). Using Language Sample Databases. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 41, 84-95.   link to abstract

Heilmann, J., Miller, J., Nockerts, A., & Dunaway, C. (2010). Properties of the Narrative Scoring Scheme Using Narrative Retells in Young School-Age Children. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19, 154-166.   link to abstract

Heilmann, J., Nockerts, A., & Miller, J. (2010). Language Sampling: Does the Length of the Transcript Matter? Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 41, 393-404.   link to abstract

Horton-Ikard, R. (2010). Language Sample Analysis With Children Who Speak Non-Mainstream Dialects of English. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 17(1), 16-23.   link to abstract

Jacobson, P. & Livert, D. (2010). English past tense use as a clinical marker in older bilingual children with language impairment. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 24(2), 101-121.   link to abstract

Justice, L., Breit-Smith, A., & Rogers, M. (2010). Data Recycling: Using Existing Databases to Increase Research Capacity in Speech-Language Development and Disorders. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 41, 39-43.   link to abstract

Price, L., Hendricks, S., & Cook, C. (2010). Incorporating Computer-Aided Language Sample Analysis Into Clinical Practice. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 41, 206-222.   link to abstract

Rice, M., Smolik, F., Perpich, D., Thompson, T., Rytting, N., & Blossom, M. (2010). Mean Length of Utterance Levels in 6-Month Intervals for Children 3 to 9 Years With and Without Language Impairments. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 53, 333-349.   link to abstract

Rojas, R. & Iglesias, A. (2010). Using Language Sampling to Measure Language Growth. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 17(1), 24-31.   link to abstract

Romski, M., Sevcik, R., Adamson, L., Cheslock, M., Smith A., Barker, R. M., & Bakeman, R. (2010). Randomized Comparison of Augmented and Nonaugmented Lanugage Interventions for Toddlers With Developmental Delays and Their Parents. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 53, 350-364.   link to abstract

Schuele, C. M. (2010). The Many Things Language Sample Analysis Has Taught Me. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 17(1), 32-37.   link to abstract

Westerveld, M. F. (2010). Syntactic performance of 6- and 7-year-old children in expository and narrative discourse. Paper presented at the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, Wisconsin.   pdf of poster

Westerveld, M. & Gillon, G. (2010). Profiling oral narrative ability in young school-aged children. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12(3), 178-189.   link to abstract

Westerveld, M. & Gillon, G. (2010). Oral narrative context effects on poor readers' spoken language performance: Story retelling, story generation, and personal narratives. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12(2), 132-141.   link to abstract

Westerveld, M. F., & Heilmann, J. (2010). Narrative analysis: The effects of geographic location on children's spoken language performance. Paper presented at the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, Wisconsin.   pdf of poster

2009

Castilla, A., Restrepo, M., & Perez-Leroux, A. (2009). Individual differences and language interdependence: A study of sequential bilingual development in Spanish-English preschool children. International Journal of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism. pp. 1-16.   

Gutierrez-Clellen, V., Simon-Cereijido, G., & Leone, A. (2009). Code-switching in bilingual children with specific language impairment. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(1), 91.   link to abstract

Miller, J. (2009). New Database Helps identify, monitor older students. Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists, 19(8), 4-5, 30.   link to article

Miller, J. (2009). Story Retells Provide powerful insight. Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists, 19(20),10-11.   link to article

Miller, J. (2009). Language Sample Analysis: A time-tested process. Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists, 19(27), 12-13.   link to article

Miller, J. (2009). LSA Comes Full Circle. Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists, 19(30), 21-22.   link to article

Miller, J. & Heilmann, J. (2009). New Tool Assesses Narrative Structure. Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists, 19(21), 10-11.   link to article

Miller, J. & Heilmann, J. (2009). Fast Measure of Complex Syntax. Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists, 19(10), 10-11.   link to article

Nippold, M. (2009). School-Age Children Talk About Chess: Does Knowledge Drive Syntactic Complexity? Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 52, 856-871.   link to abstract

Nippold, M., Mansfield, T., Billow, J., & Tomblin, B. (2009). Syntactic Development in Adolescents With a History of Language Impairments: A Follow-Up Investigation. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18, 241-251.   link to abstract

Pennington, L., Thomson, K., James, P., Martin, L., & McNally, R. (2009). Effects of It Takes Two to Talk—The Hanen Program for Parents of Preschool Children With Cerebral Palsy: Findings From an Exploratory Study. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 52, 1121-1138.   link to abstract

Pruitt, S. & Oetting, J. (2009). Past Tense Marking by African American English–Speaking Children Reared in Poverty. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 52, 2-15.   link to abstract

Rispoli, M., Hadley, P., & Holt, J. (2009). The Growth of Tense Productivity. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 52, 930-944.   link to abstract

Rojas, R. & Iglesias, A. (2009, March 3). Making a Case for Language Sampling: Assessment and Intervention With (Spanish-English) Second Language Learners. The ASHA Leader.    link to article   2010 ASHA Leader Outstanding Contribution Award

Shriberg, L., Lohmeier, H., Campbell, T., Dollaghan, C., Green, J., & Moore, C. (2009). A Nonword Repetition Task for Speakers With Misarticulations: The Syllable Repetition Task (SRT). Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 52, 1189-1212.   link to abstract

Tager-Flusberg, H., Rogers, S., Cooper, J., Landa, R., Lord, C., Paul, R., Rice, M., Stoel-Gammon, C., Wetherby, A., & Yoder, P. (2009). Defining Spoken Language Benchmarks and Selecting Measures of Expressive Language Development for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 52, 643-652.   link to abstract

2008

Anderson, J. & Byrd, C. (2008). Phonotactic Probability Effects in Children Who Stutter. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 51, 851-866.   link to abstract

Bedore, L. & Peña, L. (2008). Assessment of Bilingual Children for Identification of Language Impairment: Current Findings and Implications for Practice. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 11, Issue 1.   link to abstract

DeThorne, L., Petrill, S., Hart, S., Channell, R., Campbell, R., Deater-Deckard, K., Thompson, L., & Vandenbergh, D. (2008). Genetic Effects on Children's Conversational Language Use. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 51, 423-435.   link to abstract

Heilmann, J., Miller, J., Iglesias, A., Fabiano-Smith, L., Nockerts, A., & Digney Andriacchi, K. (2008). Narrative Transcription Accuracy and Reliability in Two Languages. Topics in Language Disorders, 28(2), 178-188.   link to abstract

Johnston, J. (2008). Narratives Twenty-Five Years Later. Topics in Language Disorders, 28(2), 93-98.   link to abstract

Nippold, M., Mansfield, T., Billow, J., & Tomblin, B. (2008). Expository Discourse in Adolescents With Language Impairments: Examining Syntactic Development. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17, 256-266.   link to abstract

Puranik, C., Lombardino, L., & Altmann, L. (2008). Assessing the Microstructure of Written Language Using a Retelling Paradigm. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17, 107-120.   link to abstract

Rispoli, M., Hadley, P., & Holt, J. (2008). Stalls and Revisions: A Developmental Perspective on Sentence Production. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 51, 953-966.   link to abstract

Thordardottir, E. (2008). Language-Specific Effects of Task Demands on the Manifestation of Specific Language Impairment: A Comparison of English and Icelandic. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 51, 922-937.   link to abstract

2007

Caesar, L. & Kohler, P. (2007). The State of School-Based Bilingual Assessment: Actual Practice Versus Recommended Guidelines. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 38(3), 190.   link to abstract

DeThorne, L. & Channell, R. (2007). Clinician–Child Interactions: Adjustments in Linguistic Complexity. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16, 119-127.   link to abstract

Moyle, M., Ellis Weismer, S., Evans, J., & Lindstrom, M. (2007). Longitudinal Relationships Between Lexical and Grammatical Development in Typical and Late-Talking Children. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 50, 508-528.   link to abstract

Nippold, M., Mansfield, T., & Billow, J. (2007). Peer Conflict Explanations in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: Examining the Development of Complex Syntax. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16, 179-188.   link to abstract

Peña, E. (2007). Lost in Translation: Methodological Considerations in Cross-Cultural Research. Child Development, 78(4), 1255-1264.   link to abstract

Simon-Cereijido, G. & Gutiérrez-Clellen, V. (2007). Spontaneous language markers of Spanish language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(2), 317-339.   link to abstract

Thordardottir, E. & Namazi, M. (2007). Specific Language Impairment in French-Speaking Children: Beyond Grammatical Morphology. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 50, 698-715.   link to abstract

2006

Acarlar, F. & Johnston, J. (2006). Computer-based analysis of Turkish child language: Clinical and research applications. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders, 4(2), 30-43.   link to article

Miles, S., Chapman, R., & Sindberg, H. (2006). Sampling Context Affects MLU in the Language of Adolescents With Down Syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 49, 325-337.   link to abstract

Miller, J, Heilmann, J, Nockerts, A., Iglesias, A., Fabiano L., & Francis, D. (2006). Oral Language and Reading in Bilingual Children. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 21(1), 30-43.   link to abstract

Rojas, R. & Iglesias, A. (2006). Bilingual (Spanish-English) Narrative Language Analyses: Why and How? Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations, 13(1), 3-8.   link to abstract

2005

Francis, D., Carlson, C., Fletcher, J., Foorman, B., Goldenberg, C., Vaughn, S., Miller, J., Iglesias, A., & Papanicolaou, A. (2005). Oracy/literacy development of Spanish-speaking children: A multi-level program of research on language minority children and the instruction, school and community contexts, and interventions that influence their academic outcomes. Perspectives (The International Dyslexia Association), 31, 8-12.  link to abstract

Miller, J., Long, S., McKinley, N., Thormann, S., Jones, M., & Nockerts, A. (2005). Language Sample Analysis II - The Wisconsin Guide. Milwaukee: Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, Bulletin No. 5056. 

Parker, M. & Brorson, K. (2005). A comparative study between mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm) and mean length of utterance in words (MLUw). First Language.   link to abstract

Thordardottir E. (2005). Early lexical and syntactic development in Quebec French and English: implications for cross-linguistic and bilingual assessment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 40(3), 243-278.   link to abstract

2004

Gillam, R. & Gorman, B. (2004). Language and Discourse Contributions to Word Recognition and Text Iinterpretation: Implications of a Dynamic Systems Perspective. Language and Literacy Learning in Schools. Ch. 3, 63-96.   link to book

Girolametto, L., Weitzman, E., & Greenberg, J. (2004). The Effects of Verbal Support Strategies on Small-Group Peer Interactions. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 35(3), 254-268.   link to abstract

Redmond, S. (2004). Conversational profiles of children with ADHD, SLI and typical development. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 18(2), 107-125.   link to abstract

2003

Muñoz, M., Gillam, R., Peña, E. & Gulley-Faehnle, A. (2003). Measures of Language Development in Fictional Narratives of Latino children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 34(4), 332-342.   link to abstract

2002

Owen, A. & Leonard, L. (2002). Lexical Diversity in the Spontaneous Speech of Children With Specific Language Impairment Application of D. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 45(5), 927-937.   link to abstract

2000

Campbell, D. (2000). SALT Intake Healthy for SLPs. Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists. Feb 14,8-10.   link to article

1999

Channell, R. & Johnson, B. (1999). Automated Grammatical Tagging of Child Language Samples. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 42, 727-734.   link to abstract

Iskowitz, M. (1999). What Can Technology Do to Improve Your Practice? Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists. Mar 8.   link to article

1996

Gavin, W. & Giles, L. (1996). Sample Size Effects on Temporal Reliability of Language Sample Measures of Preschool Children. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 39,1258-1262.   link to abstract

1994

Fenson, L., Dale, P., Reznick, J., Bates, E., Thal, D., Pethick, S., Tomasello, M., Mervis C., & Stiles, J. (1994). Variability in Early Communicative Development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(5), 40-185.   link to abstract

Weismer, S., Murray-Branch, J., & Miller, J. (1994). A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Language Development in Late Talkers. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 37(4), 852-867.   link to abstract